Leadership and Change Management for Groups- myassignmenthelp.com

Colgate Free Essays

Who likewise nas silvery white teeth They additionally utilized three items yet positioned them in the center and augmented them to stick out yet in addition highlight with more subtleties. Word decision was another significant factor in the two promotions. In the Colgate ad they just element the name of the item. We will compose a custom exposition test on Colgate or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now For Crest they utilized expressions like â€Å"A Brighter Smile† to pull in watchers to attempt an example of Crest 3D toothpaste and to have a more splendid grin. Textual style was likewise altogether different in every one of the ads. In the Colgate ad they have intense letters on every one of the item which are noticeable to ead . Anyway on the Crest commercial, each word text style is enormous and strong to attract clients to their items. These two print notice each have two or three contrasts, yet a lot of similitudes, so bantering on which brand absolutely by the ads is somewhat precarious. The Crest print commercial introduced numerous subtleties and great thinking why customer’s should purchase their item. Colgate had many engaging faculties however insufficient to exceed the ad of Crest who barely vanquished them in these examinations of commercial. Step by step instructions to refer to Colgate, Papers

Earp, Wyatt Berry Stapp

Earp, Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp, Wyatt Berry Stapp ûrp [key], 1848â€"1929, law officer, gambler, and gunfighter of the American West, b. Monmouth, Ill. After serving as police officer in Wichita (1874) and Dodge City (1876â€"77), Kans., he became an armed guard for Wells, Fargo Company in Tombstone, Ariz. There, with his brothers Virgil and Morgan and a friend, Doc Holliday, he was involved in the controversial gunfight at (actually just outside) the O.K. Corral (Oct. 26, 1881), in which several men were killed. Leaving Tombstone in 1882, Earp traveled widely, operating saloons in San Diego, Calif.; Nome, Alaska; and Tonopah, Nev., before settling in Los Angeles. Contrary to the legend he assiduously promoted in two authorized biographies and elsewhere, Earp was both lawman and lawbreaker, sometimes enforcing the law, sometimes engaging in such activities as gambling, horse-stealing, embezzling, and vigilante killing. See biographies by F. Waters (1960), C. Tefertiller (1997), A. Barra (1998), and A. C. I senberg (2013); studies by E. E. Ellsworth (1963 and 1964). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

The History of the English Language

The story of English—from its start in a jumble of West Germanic dialects to its role today as a global language—is both fascinating and complex. This timeline offers a glimpse at some of the key events that helped to shape the English language over the past 1,500 years. To learn more about the ways that English evolved in Britain and then spread around the world, check out The History of English in 10 Minutes, an amusing video produced by the Open University. The Prehistory of English The ultimate origins of English lie in Indo-European, a family of languages consisting of most of the languages of Europe as well as those of Iran, the Indian subcontinent, and other parts of Asia. Because little is known about ancient Indo-European (which may have been spoken as long ago as 3,000 B.C.), well begin our survey in Britain in the first century A.D. 43—The Romans invade Britain, beginning 400 years of control over much of the island.410—The Goths (speakers of a now extinct East Germanic language) sack Rome. The first Germanic tribes arrive in Britain.Early 5th century—With the collapse of the empire, Romans withdraw from Britain. Britons are attacked by the Picts and by Scots from Ireland. Angles, Saxons, and other German settlers arrive in Britain to assist the Britons and claim territory.5th-6th centuries—Germanic peoples (Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Frisians) speaking West Germanic dialects settle most of Britain. Celts retreat to distant areas of Britain: Ireland, Scotland, Wales. 500-1100: The Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) Period The conquest of the Celtic population in Britain by speakers of West Germanic dialects (primarily Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) eventually determined many of the essential characteristics of the English language. (The Celtic influence on English survives for the most part only in place names—London, Dover, Avon, York.) Over time the dialects of the various invaders merged, giving rise to what we now call Old English. Late 6th century—Ethelbert, the King of Kent, is baptized. He is the first English king to convert to Christianity.7th century—Rise of the Saxon kingdom of Wessex; the Saxon kingdoms of Essex and Middlesex; the Angle kingdoms of Mercia, East Anglia, and Northumbria. St. Augustine and Irish missionaries convert Anglo-Saxons to Christianity, introducing new religious words borrowed from Latin and Greek. Latin speakers begin referring to the country as Anglia and later as Englaland.673—Birth of the Venerable Bede, the monk who composed (in Latin) The Ecclesiastical History of the English People (c. 731), a key source of information about Anglo Saxon settlement.700—Approximate date of the earliest manuscript records of Old English.Late 8th century—Scandinavians begin to settle in Britain and Ireland; Danes settle in parts of Ireland.Early 9th century—Egbert of Wessex incorporates Cornwall into his kingdom and is recognized as overlord of the seve n kingdoms of the Angles and Saxons (the Heptarchy): England begins to emerge.Mid 9th century—Danes raid England, occupy Northumbria, and establish a kingdom at York. Danish begins to influence English.Late 9th century—King Alfred of Wessex (Alfred the Great) leads the Anglo-Saxons to victory over the Vikings, translates Latin works into English and establishes the writing of prose in English. He uses the English language to foster a sense of national identity. England is divided into a kingdom ruled by the Anglo-Saxons (under Alfred) and another ruled by the Scandinavians.10th century—English and Danes mix fairly peacefully, and many Scandinavian (or Old Norse) loanwords enter the language, including such common words as sister, wish, skin, and die.1000—Approximate date of the only surviving manuscript of the Old English epic poem Beowulf, composed by an anonymous poet between the 8th century and the early 11th century.Early 11th century—Danes att ack England, and the English king (Ethelred the Unready) escapes to Normandy. The Battle of Maldon becomes the subject of one of the few surviving poems in Old English. The Danish king (Canute) rules over England and encourages the growth of Anglo-Saxon culture and literature.Mid 11th century—Edward the Confessor, King of England who was raised in Normandy, names William, Duke of Normandy, as his heir.1066—The Norman Invasion: King Harold is killed at the Battle of Hastings, and William of Normandy is crowned King of England. Over succeeding decades, Norman French becomes the language of the courts and of the upper classes; English remains the language of the majority. Latin is used in churches and schools. For the next century, English, for all practical purposes, is no longer a written language. 1100-1500: The Middle English Period The Middle English period saw the breakdown of the inflectional system of Old English and the expansion of vocabulary with many borrowings from French and Latin. 1150—Approximate date of the earliest surviving texts in Middle English.1171—Henry II declares himself overlord of Ireland, introducing Norman French and English to the country. About this time the University of Oxford is founded.1204—King John loses control of the Duchy of Normandy and other French lands; England is now the only home of the Norman French/English.1209—The University of Cambridge is formed by scholars from Oxford.1215—King John signs the Magna Carta (Great Charter), a critical document in the long historical process leading to the rule of constitutional law in the English-speaking world.1258—King Henry III is forced to accept the Provisions of Oxford, which establish a Privy Council to oversee the administration of the government. These documents, though annulled a few years later, are generally regarded as Englands first written constitution.Late 13th century—Under Edward I, royal authority is consolidated in England a nd Wales. English becomes the dominant language of all classes.Mid to late 14th century—The Hundred Years War between England and France leads to the loss of almost all of Englands French possessions. The Black Death kills roughly one-third of Englands population. Geoffrey Chaucer composes The Canterbury Tales in Middle English. English becomes the official language of the law courts and replaces Latin as the medium of instruction at most schools. John Wycliffes English translation of the Latin Bible is published. The Great Vowel Shift begins, marking the loss of the so-called pure vowel sounds (which are still found in many continental languages) and the loss of the phonetic pairings of most long and short vowel sounds.1362—The Statute of Pleading makes English the official language in England. Parliament is opened with its first speech delivered in English.1399 At his coronation, King Henry IV becomes the first English monarch to deliver a speech in English.Late 15th century—William Caxton brings to Westminster (from the Rhineland) the first printing press and publishes Chaucers The Canterbury Tales. Literacy rates increase significantly, and printers begin to standardize English spelling. The monk Galfridus Grammaticus (also known as Geoffrey the Grammarian) publishes Thesaurus Linguae Romanae et Britannicae, the first English-to-Latin wordbook. 1500 to the Present: The  Modern English  Period Distinctions are commonly drawn between the Early Modern Period (1500-1800) and Late Modern English (1800 to the present). During the period of Modern English, British exploration, colonization, and overseas trade hastened the acquisition of  loanwords  from countless other languages and fostered the development of new varieties of English (World English), each with its own nuances of  vocabulary,  grammar, and  pronunciation. Since the middle of the 20th century, the expansion of North American business and media around the world has led to the emergence of  Global English  as a  lingua franca. Early 16th century—The first English settlements are made in North America. William Tyndales English translation of the Bible is published. Many Greek and Latin  borrowings  enter English.1542—In his  Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge, Andrew Boorde illustrates regional  dialects.1549—The first version of the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England is published.1553—Thomas Wilson publishes  The Art of Rhetorique, one of the first works on  logic  and  rhetoric  in English.1577—Henry Peacham publishes  The Garden of Eloquence, a treatise on rhetoric.1586—The first  grammar  of English—William Bullokars  Pamphlet for Grammar—is published.1588—Elizabeth I begins her 45-year reign as queen of England. The British defeat the Spanish Armada, boosting national pride and enhancing the legend of Queen Elizabeth.1589—The Art of English Poesie  (attributed to George Puttenham) is p ublished.1590-1611—William Shakespeare writes his  Sonnets  and the majority of his plays.1600—The East India Company is chartered to promote trade with Asia, eventually leading to the establishment of the British Raj in India.1603—Queen Elizabeth dies and James I (James VI of Scotland) accedes to the throne.1604—Robert Cawdreys  Table Alphabeticall, the first English  dictionary, is published.  1607—The first permanent English settlement in America is established at Jamestown, Virginia.1611—The Authorized Version of the English Bible (the King James Bible) is published, greatly influencing the development of the written language.1619—The first African slaves in North America arrive in Virginia.1622—Weekly News, the first English newspaper, is published in London.1623—The First Folio edition of Shakespeares plays is published.1642—Civil War breaks out in England after King Charles I attempts to arrest hi s parliamentary critics. The war leads to the execution of Charles I, the dissolution of parliament, and the replacement of the English monarchy with a Protectorate (1653–59) under Oliver Cromwells rule.1660—The monarchy is restored; Charles II is proclaimed king.1662—The Royal Society of London appoints a committee to consider ways of improving English as a language of science.1666—The Great Fire of London destroys most of the City of London inside the old Roman City Wall.1667—John Milton publishes his epic poem  Paradise Lost.1670—The Hudsons Bay Company is chartered for promoting trade and settlement in Canada.1688—Aphra Behn, the first woman novelist in England, publishes  Oroonoko, or the History of the Royal Slave.1697—In his  Essay Upon Projects,  Daniel Defoe  calls for the creation of an Academy of 36 gentlemen to dictate English  usage.1702—The Daily Courant, the first regular daily newspaper in Eng lish, is published in London.1707—The Act of Union unites the Parliaments of England and  Scotland, creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain.1709—The first Copyright Act is enacted in England.1712—Anglo-Irish satirist and cleric  Jonathan Swift  proposes the creation of an English Academy to regulate English  usage  and ascertain the language.1719—Daniel Defoe publishes  Robinson Crusoe, considered by some to be the first modern English novel.1721—Nathaniel Bailey publishes his  Universal Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, a pioneer study in English  lexicography: the first to feature current  usage,  etymology,  syllabification, clarifying  quotations, illustrations, and indications of  pronunciation.1715—Elisabeth Elstob publishes the first grammar of Old English.1755—Samuel Johnson  publishes his two-volume  Dictionary of the English Language.1760-1795—This period marks the ris e of the English grammarians (Joseph Priestly, Robert Lowth, James Buchanan, John Ash, Thomas Sheridan, George Campbell, William Ward, and Lindley Murray), whose rule books, primarily based on  prescriptive  notions of grammar, become increasingly popular.  1762—Robert Lowth publishes his  Short Introduction to English Grammar.1776—The  Declaration of Independence  is signed, and the American War of Independence begins, leading to the creation of the United States of America, the first country outside the British Isles with English as its principal language.1776—George Campbell publishes  The Philosophy of Rhetoric.1783—Noah Webster  publishes his  American Spelling Book.1785—The Daily Universal Register  (renamed  The Times  in 1788) begins publication in London.1788—The English first settle in  Australia, near present-day Sydney.1789—Noah Webster publishes  Dissertations on the English Language, which adv ocates an  American standard of usage.1791—The Observer, the oldest national Sunday newspaper in Britain, begins publication.Early 19th century—Grimms Law  (discovered by Friedrich von Schlegel and Rasmus Rask, later elaborated by Jacob Grimm) identifies relationships between certain  consonants  in Germanic languages (including English) and their originals in Indo-European. The formulation of Grimms Law marks a major advance in the development of  linguistics  as a scholarly field of study.1803—The Act of Union incorporates Ireland into Britain, creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.1806—The British occupy Cape Colony in South Africa.1810—William Hazlitt  publishes  A New and Improved Grammar of the English Language.​1816—John Pickering compiles the first dictionary of  Americanisms.1828—Noah Webster publishes his  American Dictionary of the English Language. Richard Whateley publishes  Elements of Rhetoric.1840—The native Maori in  New Zealand  cede sovereignty to the British.1842—The London Philological Society is founded.1844—The telegraph is invented by Samuel Morse, inaugurating the development of rapid communication, a major influence on the growth and spread of English.Mid 19th century—A  standard variety of American English  develops. English is established in  Australia,  South Africa,  India, and other British colonial outposts.1852—The first edition of  Rogets Thesaurus  is published.1866—James Russell Lowell champions the use of American  regionalisms, helping to end deference to the  Received British Standard. Alexander Bain publishes  English Composition and Rhetoric. The transatlantic telegraph cable is completed.1876—Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone, thus modernizing private communication.1879—James A.H. Murray begins editing the Philological Societys  New English Dictionary on Historical Principles  (later renamed the  Oxford English Dictionary).1884/1885—Mark Twains  novel  The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn  introduces a  colloquial  prose  style  that significantly influences the writing of fiction in the U.S.1901—The Commonwealth of Australia is established as a dominion of the British Empire.1906—Henry and Francis Fowler publish the first edition of  The Kings English.1907—New Zealand is established as a dominion of the British Empire.1919—H.L. Mencken  publishes the first edition of  The American Language, a pioneer study in the history of a major national version of English.1920—The first American commercial radio station begins operating in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.1921—Ireland  achieves Home Rule, and Gaelic is made an official language in addition to English.1922—The British Broadcasting Company (later renamed the British Broadcasting Corporat ion, or  BBC) is established.1925—The New Yorker  magazine is founded by  Harold Ross  and Jane Grant.1925—George P. Krapp publishes his two-volume  The English Language in America, the first comprehensive and scholarly treatment of the subject.1926—Henry Fowler publishes the first edition of his  Dictionary of Modern English Usage.1927—The first speaking motion picture,  The Jazz Singer, is released.1928—The Oxford English Dictionary  is published.1930—British linguist C.K. Ogden introduces  Basic English.1936—The first television service is established by the BBC.1939—World War II begins.1945—World War II ends. The Allied victory contributes to the growth of English as a  lingua franca.1946—The Philippines  gains its independence from the U.S.1947—India is freed from British control and divided into Pakistan and India. The  constitution  provides that English remain the official language for 15 years. New Zealand gains its independence from the U.K. and joins the Commonwealth.1949—Hans Kurath publishes  A Word Geography of the Eastern United States, a landmark in the scientific study of American  regionalisms.1950—Kenneth Burke  publishes  A Rhetoric of Motives.1950s—The number of speakers using  English as a second language  exceeds the number of  native speakers.1957—Noam Chomsky  publishes  Syntactic Structures, a key document in the study of  generative  and  transformational grammar.1961—Websters Third New International Dictionary  is published.1967—The Welsh Language Act gives the Welsh language equal validity with  English in Wales, and Wales is no longer considered a part of England. Henry Kucera and Nelson Francis publish  Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English, a landmark in modern  corpus linguistics.1969—Canada  officially becomes bilingual (French and English). The first major English dictionary to use corpus linguistics—The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language—is published.1972—A Grammar of Contemporary English  (by Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik) is published. The first call on a personal cell phone is made. The first  email  is sent.1978—The Linguistic Atlas of England  is published.1981—The first issue of the journal  World Englishes  is published.1985—A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language  is published by Longman. The first edition of M.A.K. Hallidays  An Introduction to Functional Grammar  is published.1988—The Internet (under development for more than 20 years) is opened to commercial interests.1989—The second edition of  The Oxford English Dictionary  is published.1993—Mosaic, the web browser credited with popularizing the World Wide Web, is released. (Netscape Navigator b ecomes available in 1994, Yahoo! in 1995, and Google in 1998.)1994—Text messaging  is introduced, and the first modern blogs go online.1995—David Crystal publishes  The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language.1997—The first social networking site (SixDegrees.com) is launched. (Friendster is introduced in 2002, and both MySpace and Facebook begin operating in 2004.)2000—The Oxford English Dictionary Online (OED Online) is made available to subscribers.2002—Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum publish  The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Tom McArthur publishes  The Oxford Guide to World English.2006—Twitter, a social networking and microblogging service, is created by Jack Dorsey.2009—The two-volume  Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary  is published by Oxford University Press.2012—The fifth volume (SI-Z) of the  Dictionary of American Regional English  (DARE  ) is publishe d by Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Resources and Further Reading Algeo, John.  The Origins and Development of the English Language, 6th edition. Wadsworth, 2009.Baugh, Albert C., and Thomas Cable.  A History of the English Language, 5th edition. Prentice Hall, 2001.Bragg, Melvyn.  The Adventure of English: The Biography of a Language. Hodder Stoughton, 2003.Crystal, David.  The English Language. Penguin, 2002.Gooden, Philip.  The Story of English: How the English Language Conquered the World. Quercus, 2009.Hogg, Richard M., and David Dennison, editors.  A History of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2006.Horobin, Simon.  How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford University Press, 2016.Lerer, Seth.  Inventing English: A Portable History of the Language. Columbia University Press, 2007.McArthur, Tom.  The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press, 1992.McWhorter, John.  Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue: The Untold Story of English. Gotham, 2008.Millward, C.M., and Mary Hayes.  A Biography of the English Language, 3rd  ed. Wadsworth, 2011.Mugglestone, Linda.  The Oxford History of English. Oxford University Press, 2006.Nist, John.  A Structural History of English. St. Martins Press, 1966.

What Is Disciplinary Literacy Can Improve The Classroom...

What is disciplinary literacy in the history classroom? What are the specific literacy strategies/skills students need in the history classroom? What are the demands of the disciplinary literacy in the history classroom? What does the history teacher need to know to develop disciplinary literacy in her/his classroom? How to develop disciplinary literacy skills in the history classroom? Bain, R. B. (2012). Using disciplinary literacy to develop coherence in history teacher education: The clinical rounds project. The History Teacher, 45(4), 513 - 532. Bain (2012) defines disciplinary literacy in history as the necessary connections to improve the teachers capabilities to use reading and writing in history across different contexts and in a range of learners. Bain (2012), based on Mojes s findings, claims that there are four identified interconnected skills of funds of knowledge: semantic, disciplinary, discursive, and pragmatic knowledge. Historians read, interpret, and analyze to create narratives, explanations, or arguments. According to Bain (2012), the traditional strategies of sourcing, contextualizing, or corroborating do not fully capture the reading support that students need to understand the different genre, positions, and type of historical texts. There are greater demands for adolescents in reading and writing. The text complexity of the history texts in middle and high schools demand from students in these grades toShow MoreRelatedQuestions On Increasing Disciplinary Reading986 Words   |  4 Pages1. Increasing Disciplinary Reading Biancarosa (2012) states in the introduction to this section that as students progress up through the grades their reading in content-area courses becomes progressively more distinct (p. 47). A student in a fourth grade science course will encounter different terminology in a fourth grade social studies course and even more diverse terminology by the time they reach high school biology. However, I have often found, and Biancarosa (2012) as acknowledges that manyRead MoreHow Sex Differences Affect My Middle School Teaching1389 Words   |  6 Pagesstudents. Throughout this paper I will outline what I have learned about sex differences in learning and how this will be applied to the classes I teach. After reading Doreen Kimura’s book, Sex and Cognition, I got to wondering how the sex differences that she outlined could be used to better understand the ways that my middle school students learned. There were a few findings that stuck out from her research that I felt applied directly to my classroom. One of those findings was the difference inRead MoreUsing Online Literacy Software Programs1562 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy and discover whether the online digital programs being used in the classroom help ELLs master the academic vocabulary to understand advanced texts. Given these facts, the researcher has proposed himself to focus his action research on the following question: Will the ELLs improve their comprehension skills of expository texts by focusing most of their practices on vocabulary development through the use of online literacy software programs? Review of the Literature English language learners (ELLs)Read MoreLearning Using A Whole Class1094 Words   |  5 Pageswriting to think historically and better understand the past. Disciplinary thinking and improving literacy were essential for Mr. Lyle. By integrating writing to learn strategies as well as reading historical documents for context, Mr. Lyle’s students were using historical reasoning which in turn promoted his students reading, writing, and thinking skills. Mr. Lyle’s approach helped â€Å"students understand content, promote disciplinary thinking†, and the skills needed for his student’s future careersRead MoreClassroom Climate Is The Focus Of Education Issues921 Words   |  4 Pagesinvestigation about classroom climate is the focus of education issues. Large number of educators are exploring through a variety of disciplinary perspectives and diverse research methods. With the arrival of technology and the ecological trend of educational development, class room climate is becoming a new perspective and path of classroom study. In the Article Exploring the Relationship between Classroom Climate, Reading Motivation, and Achievement: A Look into 7th Grade Classrooms, the authors MucherahRead MoreEll Shadowing Case Study960 Words   |  4 Pagesteachers will participate in determining what actions could be taken to better educate ESL students. The mechanics of the program would involve teachers accompanying ESL students to their classes for two to three hours and, at five-minute intervals, noting briefly what the primary action of the ESL student is (e.g., listening, talking, etc). This monitoring is not a travel log of the student’s activities during the day, but, rather, notes of the type that can be summarized into data points (Soto,Read MoreThe Nature Of Teaching And Learning1682 Words   |  7 Pagesstates/territories’ education ministers. The goals were set in the context of a 21st century Australia being able to compete in the global economy on knowledge and innovation. The Declaration stressed the development of skills in social interaction, cross-disciplinary thinking, the use of digital media as well as the national values of â€Å"democracy, equity and justice, and personal values and attributes such as honesty, resilience and respect for others† (p 2). The Declaration set out two main goals: 1. AustralianRead MoreMy Experience With English Language Learners Essay1397 Words   |  6 Pageseducator, it is important for me to make my classroom a great learning environment for all of my students. Growing up, I would always enjoy hands-on activities in the classroom. I remember looking forward to different holidays because we would be able to participate in an arts and crafts activities while being able to learn about the holiday we were celebrating. Until I started learning more about English Language Learners, I never realized how these activities can be more difficult for some students. BecauseRead MoreOverview of Common Core State Standards1226 Words   |  5 Pageswhether students were meeting those standards (Gibbs, T. Howley, A., 2000). In 1996, the nation’s governors and various corporate leaders founded Achieve, Inc., as a bipartisan effort to raise academic standards and graduation requirements, improve assessments, and heighten academic accountability in all 50 states (Achieve, Inc. 1996). An Achieve, Inc. 2004 report, titled, Ready or Not: Creating a High School Diploma That Counts, stated that both employers and colleges were demanding moreRead MoreThe Growth Of Literacy Skills2155 Words   |  9 PagesLiteracy can be defined as the ability to read and write. It can also be defined as the capacity to identify, understand, create, interpret, communicate and compute, using written and printed materials associated with varying contexts. Literacy includes the capability to read, comprehend, and critically appreciate various forms of communication, including spoken language, written text, broadcast media, and digital media. The contemporary meaning has been expanded to include the knowledge to use language

High Expectations Free Essays

Failure is a stepping block to accomplishment. You have to try your hardest and fail sometimes to know how to succeed in your task the next time. There are many high school students that underestimate their abilities so they don’t try their best. We will write a custom essay sample on High Expectations or any similar topic only for you Order Now Those that have high expectations achieve more because they try till they reach their goal. People that expect more of themselves achieve more than others with low expectations. In the books, The Lords of Discipline and My Sister’s Keeper, both show characters with high standards. There are people that achieve a lot more than people would expect them to. Tradd, a character in the book, The Lords of Discipline, had goals for himself that he was able to reach because he had high expectations with those goals. No one expected him to succeed because that’s not the type of person he presented himself to be. But because people didn’t expect it from him, he had high expectations to graduate from the military academy.With those high expectations came many obstacles that caused him to fail many times but to keep trying during his plebe year. Tradd was able to eventually graduate the military academy with the ring and made his father proud. Tradd St. Croix expected more of him than others and was able to achieve great accomplishments. Many people that are overcome with diseases and sickness usually underestimate their abilities but those that have high standards are successful.In the book and movie, My Sister’s Keeper, Kate, who is dying from leukemia, had high expectations when meeting a boy. She wanted a boy that would accept her for her conditions and the way she looked and also help her through her leukemia. When she found that boy, she was successful in a relationship because she found a person that was going through her same hardships. He helped her to be happy and to live life with the days she has left and even after his death, she knew how to stay strong and accept her cancer.Kate set high standards for a guy and she was able to have a great achievement that gave her the experience of a guy that taught her to stay strong throughout her obstacles. If more people trust in their abilities, they will be able to have greater accomplishments. Tradd didn’t look like a person to have great abilities but he set his standard bars high and achieved great things. Kate was able to have high standards for boys and successfully met one that changed her life for the better. Have high expectations for yourself and you will soon see your hard work end in great achievements. How to cite High Expectations, Papers

Supply And Demand Essays (287 words) - Economics, Economy, Demand

Supply And Demand Supply & Demand In this article it went into great detail about Supply , Demand and Equilibrium of Pokemon Cards. The article explained how during Christmas there was a flood of Pokemon Cards to the Market Place - the area within which buyers and sellers of a good or service interact and engage in exchange. It stated how the Supply - set of quantities of a good or service per unit of time that sellers would be willing to place on the market at various alternative prices of an item or other things being equal , increase rapidly this being called a Supply Shock. It then went into details that if the market was flooded with these Pokemon cards at Christmas the n the price value of the cards would drop. But not necessarily because of Demand - amounts of a product that consumers are willing and able to buy at each price in a set of possible prices at a time. If the kids that received Pokemon for Christmas are new to the market then there might be a shift in demand, unlike the kids that have already been into the market with Pokemon Cards. So there could be a rise in the price or a decrease depending on the demand. The article illustrates greatly on the Quantity Supplied - amount of a good or service that people are willing to sell, Quantity Demanded - amount of a good or service that people are willing to purchase. Supply Curve - as prices rise the quantity that people are willing to sell rises (Law of Supply). Demand Curve - as prices rise the quantity that people are willing to buy falls (Law of Demand). Equilibrium - reached when supply equals quantity demanded. Economics Essays

A Comparison of EVA and NPV Essays

A Comparison of EVA and NPV Essays A Comparison of EVA and NPV Essay A Comparison of EVA and NPV Essay Finance executives are required not only to crunch numbers and generate forecast but to think critically, not Just seeing the numbers but understanding their implications. This is what Melon (1994) refers to as conducting a financial assessment which often involves; the comparisons of the firms profitability in elation to its competitor, a determination of the magnitude of its investment, estimating the likelihood of premiums, and projecting the impact stockholders may sustain. (Melon, 1994, p. 454) While all sectors of an organization contribute to its success, it is the finance department that often drives major decisions. Do we invest, can we afford to invest, and if so, how much? This is a basic example of the type of questions asked frequently of a finance executive. Through analysis of the numbers generated by the accounting department, or by conducting a financial assessment of the organization, enhance executives are often able to guide the decision making process, and in ideal situations, generate revenues and growth for their company. This of course, is not to imply that the finance department has the final say, according to Melon (1994), decision making at the organizational level involves integration, considering all the issues raised by executives in various roles, considering all the lines of reasoning that might be generated, and deciding how best to combine the collective knowledge and beliefs (Melon, 1994, p. 439). This informative paper will review academic literature to draw a comparison between woo financial theories, EVA (Economic Value Added) and NAP (Net Present Value). Arranged in four sections, this paper will: (1) define EVA and NAP highlighting their similarities and differences; (2) explain why companies choose to adopt EVA; (3) discuss some of the issues faced when implementing EVA; (4) and finally chronicling McKee Foods Corporations experience while implementing EVA. Similarities and Differences between EVA (Economic Value Added), and NAP (Net Present Value).

Becas para estudiar en la universidad en Estados Unidos

Becas para estudiar en la universidad en Estados Unidos Los estudiantes domà ©sticos (ciudadanos, residentes, indocumentados) y tambià ©n los internacionales que desean estudiar en una  Ã‚  universidades o colleges en Estados Unidos se enfrentan a grandes costos de matrà ­cula, alojamiento, libros, seguro, etc. A la hora de buscar fondos econà ³micos que paguen o ayuden a pagar por los estudios,  tener presente que la gran fuente de ayuda financiera son las propias  universidades, que ofrecen sus propios paquetes de ayuda: becas, crà ©ditos, trabajo o una combinacià ³n de esas posibilidades. De hecho, algunas de las mejores universidades de Estados Unidos -incluso Ivy League- siguen un sistema de admisià ³n need-blind que garantiza importantes becas a todos los alumnos admitidos, incluidos los internacionales con expedientes acadà ©micos sobresalientes, que es necesario convalidar o sellar con la Apostilla de la Haya, segà ºn las reglas de cada institucià ³n.. Otras universidades ofrecen paquetes financieros ms limitados, pero importantes y tambià ©n se puede buscar becas en organizaciones externas, como las siguientes. Listado de 25 organizaciones que becan a estudiantes -incluidos internacionales- en Estados Unidos AACE International Competitive Scholarship Program Para quià ©nes: estudiantes a nivel universitario, incluidos los internacionales, que centren sus estudios en Negocios, Tecnologà ­a de la Informacià ³n, Ciencias de la Computacià ³n, Ingenierà ­a y Gerencia o Construccià ³n de Edificios. AAUW International Fellowships Para quià ©nes: estudiantes internacionales que son mujeres y que estudian a nivel de maestrà ­a, doctorado u otro postgrado. El importe de las becas va desde los $18,000 a los $30,000. Annie ´s Sustainable Agriculture Foundation Para quià ©nes: estudiantes de cualquier paà ­s que realizan estudios relacionados con la agricultura sostenible en Estados Unidos. Los importes de las becas oscilan entre los $2,500 y los $10,000. AORN Foundation Para quià ©nes: estudiantes de cualquier nacionalidad que realizan estudios de enfermerà ­a de quirà ³fano o pre-operacià ³n. ASHFoundation Graduate Scholarship for International Students Para quià ©nes: estudiantes internacionales y residentes permanentes legales en Estados Unidos a nivel de maestrà ­a o doctorado que cursan estudios en Ciencias de la Comunicacià ³n y Desà ³rdenes, como es Lenguaje de Signos, Enseà ±anza a alumnos con desà ³rdenes de lenguaje. Se concede una beca anualmente por importe de $5,000. Broome Allen Scholarship Para quià ©nes: estudiantes de cualquier nacionalidad pero que està ©n estudiando en EEUU. Es un requisito para poder aplicar ser de origen sefardà ­. Est abierto a estudiantes en à ºltimo aà ±o de liceo, en college, haciendo cursos de maestrà ­a o doctorado. Charles and Lucille King Family Foundation Scholarship Para quià ©nes: Estudiantes de cualquier nacionalidad que realicen estudios de televisià ³n o produccià ³n de cine en una universidad de los Estados Unidos. Chefs4Students Para quià ©nes: estudiantes universitarios de cualqueir paà ­s que realizan en EEUU estudios de cocina, horneado, pastelerà ­a, dietà ©tica, nuticià ³n y similares. El importe de las becas es de $1,000 y se conceden cuatro anualmente. Concursos Ayn Rand Para quià ©nes: estudiantes estadounidenses y extranjeros. Para participar debe escribirse un ensayo basado en una obra de esta autora. Las becas varà ­an en su compensacià ³n. Create-A-Greeting-Card Scholarship Para quià ©nes: estudiantes de cualquier nacionalidad que estudian en una institucià ³n educativa en los Estados Unidos. Para participar para poder ganar la beca hay que crear una tarjeta con una foto o un diseà ±o grfico generado por computadora. Para presentarse el candidato ha de tener entre 14 y 35 aà ±os de edad y el premio al que se opta es una beca de $10,000. Fullbright Scholarship for International Students Para quià ©nes: estudiantes internacionales (los estadounidenses tienen su propia versià ³n). Cada aà ±o unos 4,000 estudiantes acceden a estas becas gestionadas por el Departamento de Estado. Son la crema de la crema. El proceso de seleccià ³n es riguroso y muy largo, por lo que es muy conveniente estar atento a los plazos. Earl Warren Scholarship Para quià ©nes: estudiantes de cualquier paà ­s que vayan a estudiar Derecho en los Estados Unidos. La beca es de $3,000 y premia a los candidatos que tengan un historial extraordinario de participacià ³n en asuntos de derechos civiles o interà ©s pà ºblico. Esta beca est gestionada por NÇAACP. Elie Wiesel Price in Ethics Essay Contest Para quià ©nes: estudiantes de cualquier nacionalidad enrolados en una universidad en Estados Unidos. El importe de estas becas est entre los $500 y los $5,000. Google Anita Borg Memorial Scholarship Para quià ©nes: mujeres de cualquier nacionalidad en su à ºltimo aà ±o de licenciattura o que van a iniciar cursos de maestrà ­a o doctorado en los Estados Unidos en las reas de Ingenierà ­a, Ciencias de la Computacià ³n o semejantes. Se exige una nota media en los estudios realizados de GPA 3.5. El importe de la beca es de $10,000. Google Lime Scholarship Program Para quià ©nes: estudiantes de cualquier nacionalidad con una discapacidad, que en la actualidad està ©n estudiando en una universidad de EEUU o Canad y cuyos estudios se centran en Ciencias de la Computacià ³n, Ingenierà ­a de la Computacià ³n o similares. Se conceden anualmente 15 becas cuyos importes oscilan entre los $5,000 y los $10,000. Google Science Fair Para quià ©nes: estudiantes de cualquier paà ­s que presenten un proyecto en un rea predeterminada de Ciencias, bien individualmente o bien como miembros de un equipo. Las becas oscilan entre los $25,000 y los $50,000. Global Scholarship Alliance Para quià ©nes: estudiantes internacionales a nivel universitario, de maestrà ­a o doctorado en reas relacionadas con la enfermerà ­a. Tambià ©n brinda la oportunidad de realizar prcticas de entenamiento en las propias universidades o en instituciones mà ©dicas. HENAAC Scholars Program Para quià ©nes: estudiantes de cualquier nacionalidad pero hispanos que estn estudiando para licenciarse o a nivel de maestrà ­a en Ciencias, Ingenierà ­a, Matemticas o Tecnologà ­a (STEM, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Se requiere calificaciones de un GPA de al menos 3.0 para aplicar. LMSA Scholarship for US Medical Students Para quià ©nes: a pesar de su nombre, esta beca est abierta a todos los estudiantes de medicina en EEUU que sirvan a la comunidad latina u otra en situacià ³n de desventaja. Microsoft Scholarship Program Para quià ©nes: estudiantes de cualquier nacionalidad en Estados Unidos (en algunas modalidades se admite tambià ©n Canad y Mà ©xico) que realicen estudios de Ciencias de la Comunicacià ³n, Ingenierà ­a Computacional y campos semejantes. Hay que destacar que adems del programa general de becas, Microsoft tambià ©n ofrece ayudas centradas en grupos de poblacià ³n especà ­fico para las que tambià ©n pueden aplicar los estudiantes universitarios, como son las becas para mujeres, para minorà ­as o para personas con una incapacidad. El importe de los premios varà ­a. PEO International Peace Scholarship Para quià ©nes: Mujeres estudiantes internacionales de maestrà ­a o doctorado. Se conceden hasta 200 becas de $10,000 cada una. Para recibir este premio es necesario comprometerse a regresar al paà ­s de origen tras finalizar los estudios. Point Foundation Scholarship Program Para quià ©nes: ciudadanos americanos y estudiantes internacionales enrolados en una universidad estadounidense. Los candidatos deben participar de algà ºn modo en actividades de la comunidad lesbiana, gay, bisexual o transexual (LGBT, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). El importe del premio es de $10,000. Ritchie-Jennings Memorial Scholarship Para quià ©nes: estudiantes universitarios, de maestrà ­a o doctorado cualquiera que sea su nacionalidad y sin importar la ubicacià ³n de su universidad que realicen estudios de Contabilidad, Administracià ³n de Negocios, Finanzas o Justicia Criminal. Se conceden 30 becas anualmente por importes que van desde los $1,000 a los 10,000. Society of Exploration Geophysicist Foundation Para quià ©nes: estudiantes de à ºltimo aà ±o de liceo, universitarios, de maestrà ­a o doctorado cuya finalidad es una carrera en Geofà ­sica o en un campo estrechamente relacionado. Pueden aplicar ciudadanos de cualquier paà ­s y no es necesario cursar los estudios en EEUU. El monto de las becas varà ­a grandemente pero la media es de $2,500. Women in Aerospace Foundation Para quià ©nes: mujeres de cualquier paà ­s que realizan sus estudios aeroespaciales en Estados Unidos. Se conceden anualmente dos becas por importe de $2,000 cada una. Testimonial Lee esta entrevista a Miguel Pà ©rez, quien llegà ³ a Estados Unidos como estudiante universitario con una beca y en la actualidad es residente permanente. De interà ©s Ya que se gasta mucho dinero, elegir una universidad cuyo tà ­tulo amerite el esfuerzo econà ³mico, estas son las  10 mejores universidades para estudiar ingenierà ­a. A tener en cuenta Los muchachos no conoceros de las leyes de los Estados Unidos deben de saber cul es la edad del consentimiento sexual en cada estado. Tener relaciones sexuales consentidas con un menor de edad puede tener consecuencias legales serias.

Food Banks and the Need for Help with Food Banks around the World Essay

Food Banks and the Need for Help with Food Banks around the World - Essay Example Increasing unemployment, low incomes, and high domestic food prices have also contributed significantly to the problem. However, FAO (2009) indicated that the major cause of hunger crisis is â€Å"under-investment in agriculture and rural development.† Mucha (2010) quotes the United Nation’s chief food honcho as saying, "If people go hungry today it is not because the world is not producing enough food but because it is not produced in the countries where 70 percent of the world's poor live and whose livelihoods depend on farming activities.† He further noted that the challenge is not only to solve the current hunger problem but also to ensure adequate food supply for the future world population. FAO (2009) noted that to achieve this height, it requires combined efforts of governments, Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs), companies, people, families, and aid organizations. Therefore, in an effort to alleviate the situation, increased human participation is requi red. This paper looks into the voluntary services and their importance in alleviating the hunger problem around the world. It also probes on the importance of food banks in solving the hunger problem and the reasons behind their increase. The paper goes a step further to analyze the importance of poverty and its relationship with food insecurity. The article also gives statistical evidence of the current situation. Volunteer services Volunteerism is considered as the selfless act of giving one’s life to a worth course without expecting compensation in return. Volunteering is defined as the altruistic action aimed at improving the quality of life of other people as well their welfare. However, people offer voluntary services for other reasons social purposes i.e. to meet other people, to develop their own skills, as an entry route to employment or just to have fun. Volunteerism brings about a sense of self-worth and self-satisfaction. Xu and Ngai (2011) argued that volunteeris m especially at grassroots level can bid different organizations together and thus develop a civil society aimed at achieving a certain goal. This is an essential aspect especially in respect to world hunger problem. According to Meier & Stutzer (2004), volunteerism is self-satisfying. They argue that serving other people increases the happiness of a person. Smith (2000) who observed helping others as a means to increased well-being also echoed this. He said, â€Å"Concern for our own happiness recommends to us the virtue of prudence: concern for that of other people†. Meier & Stutzer (2004) argued that an individual’s well-being is positively affected by volunteering because of two reasons i.e. intrinsic motivation and extrinsic reward. Volunteers are internally satisfied by just helping other people since they require no material reward for motivation. Internal satisfaction comes about in three ways; care about the recipient’s utility, intrinsic work enjoyment and helping other people. According to Fehr and Schmidt, (2003), utility of people increases is other people are much better as a result of a volunteer’s work. In this contest, a volunteer becomes more satisfied by participating in feeding the hungry people. Furthermore, volunteers enjoy doing their work i.e. intrinsic work enjoyment. In this case, volunteering increases people’s sense of competence and self-determination (Deci and Ryan, 2000). In addition, people get

The Usefulness of Marketing for Media and Entertainment Companies such Essay - 1

The Usefulness of Marketing for Media and Entertainment Companies such as Disney - Essay Example Strong brand imaging is important to engross higher customer equity. If taking the example of Disney, they are customer focused but their prices are not comparatively lower. Currently they are more conscientious about penetrating their existing market e.g., selling more to the prevailing consumers, continual expansion in marketing efforts to promote brands and improving the product quality to gain higher customer satisfaction by attaining expectations of customers. Their current marketing strategy can be analyzed as a â€Å"Brave† stroke of strategic mix. This entailed after observing the tremendous success of the movie â€Å"Brave† which performed terrifically on the box office as 13th top of the list movie consecutively yielding $66.7 Million. The analysts had topped up that Brave will barely be able to earn its cost on box office but its success made them to think about the Disney’s marketing strategies (Hughes, 2014). After examining the strategies of the Walt Disney and Time Warner, it has been concluded that customer affiliation is most important. Walt Disney has pointed on the right stroke by exploiting the exact opportunistic approach for example the strategic partners such as, McDonald. The characters embossment of Time Warner is reported as higher according to Gallup among the young generation yet the success rate of Disney is more than Time Warner (Gilchrist, 2013). The Dream works media entertainment also possesses a sustainable position in the industry but the character embossment and impact is not comparable because of strategic partnership and marketing practices (Hughes, 2014). Another important distinguishable feature of Disney’s marketing practice is the use of CSM (Corporate Social Marketing) (Robbins, 2014). Marketing is however important in this industry because all they have to disseminate and sell is the entertainment. It

Sustainable Energy Sources Essay -- Environmental Energy Solar Power E

Sustainable Energy Sources Energy is life. Life on this planet depends upon a fixed amount of energy. The modern industrialized energy sources such as coal and petroleum were originally utilized for their seeming promiscuity and high energies yielded per unit volume. The world has now become painfully aware of how finite petroleum reserves are, not to mention the political complications associated with being dependent upon foreign countries for an energy supply. To add insult to injury, the limitedness of petroleum resources is not the most pressing problem, their polluting byproducts are. The enormous amounts of byproduct waste that finds its way into our environment is having effects which even the most renowned of experts cannot determine in magnitude. Speaking from an economic standpoint, petroleum will soon become more expensive to find and utilize than reasonable alternatives, raising it’s costs far above it’s benefits. Some could already make the point that the social and environmental cos ts never were weighed appropriately into the cost/benefit analysis of petroleum and that the benefits associated with petroleum combustion have rarely or never outweighed it’s costs. This point will gain a painful clarity in the years to come if the predictions of some meteorologists come true and the effects of global warming are felt. For years developing societies have been taking enormous amounts of potential energy locked within pressurized biomass that took millions of years to store in the Earth’s crust and releasing it into today’s world. The Earth is a relatively closed system and the enormous release of spent energy and its polluting byproducts will have untold effects upon societies for generations to come. The most brazen ... ...echreview/www/articles/july95/Smith.html) Absorbers, Their Coating and Performance, The World Directory of RENEWABLE ENERGY Suppliers and Services, 1996 Solar Glass and It's Transmissivity The World Directory of RENEWABLE ENERGY Suppliers and Services, 1996 Overview of Solar Water Heating in the Caribbean, Griffin R. Carrison , REIA '94 Conference (http://www.solarenergy.net/tsen/database/griff.html) Institute of Space and Astronautical Science Solar Power Satellite Working Group, 1997 (http://www.reston.com/nasa/solar.sats.html) Chemistry 4th Edition, Steven S. Zumdahl, 1997, Houghton Mifflin Company, New York http://www.eren.doe.gov (U.S. Department of Energy) http://www.solarenergy.net/ (Solar Energy Network) http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/ert_hmpg.html (State of Hawaii, Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism)

African American History Essay

Heritage makes up a large portion of our History. Combine that heritage with race and you have a foundation for establishing different beginnings of races that can trace their early origins back to the beginning of the United States. A giant melting pot as it has been described due to all of the immigration that occurred in the early nineteenth century. African Americans have established an enormous role in the beginnings and the history of the America. Their continuous fight for equality and rights as American people have spanned many years. The actions against African Americans immediately following the conclusion of the civil war were not fair. This initial unfair treatment sparked numerous debates that all can be followed back to their initial start of fair treatment after many years of mistreatment. The Black Codes were established to restrict and control the lives of ex-slaves. (Bowles 2011) That is not a way to be granted freedom if your life is still controlled. Freedom isn’t freedom if you are still treated unfairly amongst other races. The thirteenth amendment established to abolish slavery in the United States. This was a major step to equality among African Americans. The industrial boom in the north sparked the interest of many looking for work. The promise of a job and being able to provide for your family drew the attention of millions of African Americans. These jobs caused a mass movement of African Americans from the south to the north. This move was the Great Migration. The entry into World War Two brought some unique opportunities for African Americans. Key components to the war were the Tuskegee Airmen. Moving on in their fight for equal rights and treatments, Rosa Parks made a stand and refused to give up her seat on a bus. Seeing the need for more action by the government, Martin Luther king assembled a massive million man march into the Nation’s capital. The struggle for African Americans has been a long and at times dangerous struggle. Former slave owners and many others in the south did not wish to abandon their way of life and what they saw as fair and equal treatment for African Americans. With the determination, the will to make a difference, and legislative actions. African Americans have changed the laws and made remarkable steps towards the fair and equal treatment they were always entitled to as any American should be. Their nonstop pursuit of change has had an everlasting effect on history. The hopes and dreams of freedom for African Americans were destroyed immediately following the end of the civil war, because of black codes and the intimidation with terror and violence from veteran confederates that formed the terrorist group called the Ku Klux Klan. As newly freed slaves, blacks found out very soon that freedom was not how they dreamed. â€Å"In 1865, southerners created black code that controlled all aspects of black’s lives and stopped new found African Americans from the freedom that they had won from the civil war. † (The Black Codes of the South 1966) Almost every part of free slaves life was regulated by black codes even the freedom to migrate. Blacks could not enter certain towns without permission so hopes of finding family that were sold during slavery proved to be a challenge. There was also vagrancy laws that stated all freedman were vagrant if they did not have a job or they were homeless. Black codes made segregation in public facilities, carrying any kind of weapons, and to testify in court against white men illegal. If a black person disobeyed these codes and imprisonment would occur most of the time. This was a backwards step towards equality and freedom. Black codes did offer a few certain rights to blacks. They were given the right to marry, and the right to own some land. Although being a free black slave during this time period was a monumental step towards a unified country, blacks would face bigger challenges throughout the next century. The Thirteenth Amendment was one of the most influential amendments to have ever been passed in our country. The Thirteenth Amendment states, â€Å"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction† (US Constitution, Amendment 13, Section 1) The intent of the Thirteenth amendment was to abolish slavery and begin the long process of just and equal rights for all American citizens. The passing of this amendment put an end to slavery and caused disruption to the former slave owners in the South. The Southern States that seceded from the union were forced to free their slaves and pass the amendment to be allowed back into the union. The south was then forced to find a new means of supporting themselves and working their cash crops. With this amendment passed, the African Americans were finally free and the vast majority of slaves the worked on plantations were gone because they were free. Although racism and segregation still played a major role in their lives, they were no longer forced to work as slaves. Slavery was not only a form of forced labor. Many slaves also faced humiliation, punishment, and harsh lives. They were some slaves that were treated as they were lower than they animals they were forced to care for. The origins of slavery and the continuation of slaves well into after the civil war were tarnish on America. The thirteen amendment abolished slavery, it did not offer much regulation onto gender equality. This was certainly true for former black female slaves. They were not afforded the same equal rights and opportunities as free former black male slaves. â€Å"Female slaves suffered unique hardships, being exploited for both labor and reproduction. † (Tsesis, A.2012). With the initial passing of the thirteenth amendment, the future road was being paved for equality amongst black both male and female. This amendment would go on to be ratified until eventually equality was achieved for both genders. The great migration covers the movement of millions of African Americans from the south to the north due to industrial expansion. Though this is not the first great migration, being there was a large migration of African Americans shortly after the civil war, this migration had a much larger effect. Populations of African Americans drastically changed because of it. Population diversity was established. During the 20th century, African- Americans participated in one of the most significant demographic events in U. S. history, â€Å"The Great Migration. † The Great Migration was a massive movement of African Americans from the South to the North spanning from 1863 to 1960. The largest movement in the migration occurred from 1910 to 1920. (Bowles 2011) The Great Migration was caused by different reasons that pushed African Americans out of the South, and other chances of opportunity were pulling them to the North. The spring on 1916, Six million African-Americans moved to the North and the West part of the United States of America. After the Emancipation Proclamation was signed in 1863, less than 8 percent of the African- Americans population lived in the Northeastern or Midwestern part of the United States. The U. S. Senate had ordered an investigation into it. In 1900, about 90 percent of blacks still lived in Southern states. They also moved to Canada in order to maintain safe haven from anti-abolitionists. When it was time for the blacks to move the only transportation for them were trains, boats, buses, but sometimes cars were used for their transportation. The promise of good employment, food, money, and a place to take care of your family drew the attention of many African Americans. The Great Migration created the first large urban black communities in the North. Along with massive amounts of blacks relocating to these cities also come problems. Many blacks were crammed into housing. At times, the occupancy of the housing that they lived in exceeded the limits they were designed for. Imagine an apartment that can accommodate five people comfortably being push over the limits by having twelve people reside in it instead. These were perfect conditions for disease, unsanitary conditions, and in some extreme cases, death. These dwellings became to be known as ghettos. All good things must come to an end and many blacks realized that due to the mass amount of laborers that migrated to the North, many of the jobs were taken. The south offered the work of the past, but this time they would be paid for it and not forced to do the work. â€Å"After the Great Migration, blacks continued to move in search of opportunity as some returned to the South, while others moved to suburbs or better neighborhoods within the North. †(Stewart E. Tolnay 2003) An important military milestone is African American history were the Tuskegee Airmen. These brave airmen were the first step towards race equality within the aviation sector of the military. Although African Americans had regularly fought in wars, they were not allowed to participate in actual aerial combat. The airmen were an import key in closing the race inequalities within the military. The Tuskegee airmen have become to be known as the most influential air squadron during world war two. Racism was still a major ongoing issue well into world war two. Many whites did not like the idea of African Americans being allowed to fly airplanes and fight in aerial combat. The Tuskegee Airmen did more than just that. They became the first black Army Air Corps pilots. Their beginnings started when President Roosevelt had arranged a meeting with three African American leaders of the Army and Navy. They argued that equality needed to be stable throughout the military, administration needed to be fair in regards to the ongoing draft, and African Americans should be allowed to fly. (Percy 2003) Shortly after the meeting had concluded, the War Department issued a policy directive stating that black men would be admitted into the military in numbers equal to civilian black population. In December of 1940, the Army Air Corps had submitted a plan that would establish experiments with a fighter squadron that consisted of all black pilots. Initially, thirteen black men were selected as pilot trainees for the program. The training occurred at Tuskegee Alabama, hence the name given, The Tuskegee Airmen. Majority of the instructors assigned to train the men were white. There were high hopes the failure would occur and this would prove to the War Department that African Americans were not suitable for flying. â€Å"The man probably most responsible for the success of the Tuskegee Airmen, the man whom the cadets looked to most often, was Captain Benjamin O. Davis Jr. (Percy 2003) Captain Davis helped keep the fight alive in all of the cadets which allowed them to ignore the Jim Crow laws that were still in place and they were able to focus their attention on becoming pilots. After the success of the Tuskegee Airmen, they became a vital part of the war effort. The Tuskegee Airmen were assigned combat missions, participating in aerial combat, and helping to win the war. The Tuskegee Airmen program was a giant step towards equality within the military and an important historical milestone in our history. A famous name associated with the Civil Rights movements is Rosa Parks. She was the average everyday woman. She rode the bus to and from work every day like any other ordinary person. She had acquired a job as a seamstress at a local department store in Montgomery Alabama. On the night of December 1, 1955, Rosa took the bus home as normal. The public bus was split into two different sections. There was a white section and a black section. If the white section filled up, people in the black section were required to give up their seat for the whites and they would have to stand. This was an unjust law in Montgomery that many blacks disagreed with. This did not seem like the equality that they deserved. Couple this law with all of the segregated services in Alabama; one would think that the hatred for free African Americans ran high. â€Å"Rosa refused to give up her seat despite the threats given to her by the bus driver. † (Wiltenburg, M 2001) She was arrested and forced to pay a fine of $14, which she never did end up paying. Word of her arrest spread fast and immediately following the next day, flyers emerged all around Alabama black schools and businesses pleading that those who rode the bus should seek alternate means of travel. The bus company was owned by whites even though majority of the passengers were black. The actions were to show that the law was not fair to blacks and hopefully the bus company would see this through their loss of profit due to their unfair rule. The boycott lasted well over a year. Finally the United States Supreme Court ruled that it was unlawful and illegal to treat people differently on the bus because of their skin color. (Wiltenburg, M 2001) The actions taken by Rosa Parks to generate a Civil Rights Movement were brave for her to conduct during the racist times of Montgomery. Her actions set off the initial movement that would pave the way for many more to come and challenge the racist laws that restricted the lives of black people. The Million Man March was another major event of the Civil Rights Movement. What better way to peacefully protest the unfair treatment of African Americans than to assemble in the Nation’s Capital and fight for equality among all races. Some Civil Rights Leaders were opposed to the march. Mary Frances Berry, Chair of the U. S. Civil Rights Commission, thought the actions of the march were â€Å"bad due to the black community being in deep trouble already. † (Winter, 1995-1996) Despite her disapproval, the march went on. While the actual number of participants can’t be pin pointed to an exact number, it is estimated that it was between 1. 5 and 2 million participants. This large showing of force allowed for peaceful protest and representation for the black community. They sought to gain the attention of the Federal Government so they could overcome the harsh reality that racism was still an ongoing issue and blacks were still being treated unequally by whites. Majority of the attendees were black males. The march was also attended by origins of race that were not primarily black. They saw an opportunity to take part in the possible change of equality and rights as well. Many famous black speakers were in attendance at the march, from Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King, and many black religious leaders. Although the peaceful protest eventually ended, it still remains one of the most talked about and biggest contributions to the Civil Rights Movements. History has shown that African Americans have faced a lot of challenges. Through unfair treatment in the early beginnings of America, African Americans were used as slaves and the country saw this as a normal and legal way of life. The actions taken by President Lincoln helped shed light on the tarnished actions of the American people and he is credited with having helped free the slaves. The black codes were a way that hateful southerners could still control the lives of black people. The southerners were upset because their way of life and what they saw as normal was being changed. The passing of the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery. This was a step in the right direction and it sparked the creation of many amendments to follow in suite. The great migration offered new hopes and promises of work in the North. Millions of African Americans began showing up in cities eager to get a piece of the American workforce. They were met with many housing, health, and physical challenges. Some blacks realized that the work in the North was not for them and they returned to the South to continue farming of their own free will and not under the control of slavery. World War Two brought light to African Americans with the chance of becoming pilots. The Tuskegee Airmen showed courage in the face of racism and overcame the discriminations brought onto them through the military. They became a vital part of the war effort and actively participated in aerial combat and bombing raids. Rosa Parks set the stepping stones for the Civil Rights movement. Her actions that night on the bus spread quickly and blacks refused to ride the buses in Montgomery Alabama. The efforts lasted well over a year and Congress finally determined that the law was unlawful. The million man march is one of the biggest actions in the Civil Rights movement. Blacks showed in large numbers to promote equality and diminish racism on the federal level. Many key speakers participated in this march, even though leaders of the Civil Rights Committee did not agree with the march. These actions taken by African Americans represent a small portion of the triumphs that they have overcome since slavery ended. There are many events and sacrifices that have been made by African Americans through the years. Their nonstop pursuit to end racism, have equality, and bring change to America will have an everlasting change on history. References Bowles, M. (2011). A history of the United States since 1865. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Jim Crow and Uncle Sam: The Tuskegee Flying Units and the U. S. Army Air Forces in Europe during World War II William Alexander Percy The Journal of Military History , Vol. 67, No. 3 (Jul. , 2003), pp. 773-810 Published by: Society for Military History Article Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/3397326 Tuskegee: A Retrospect and Prospect Booker T. Washington The North American Review , Vol. 182, No. 593 (Apr. , 1906), pp. 513-523 Published by: University of Northern Iowa Article Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/25105549 Wiltenburg, M. (2001, Feb 20). The story behind the rosa parks story. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/405670133? accountid=32521 The Black Codes of the South by Theodore B. Wilson Review by: Irwin Unger The Florida Historical Quarterly , Vol. 45, No. 2 (Oct. , 1966), pp. 183-185 Published by: Florida Historical Society Article Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/30147751 Tsesis, A. (2012). GENDER DISCRIMINATION AND THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT. Columbia Law Review, 112(7), 1641-1695. Maloney, T. N. (2002). African American Migration to the North: New Evidence for the 1910s. Economic Inquiry, 40(1), 1-11. Annual Review of Sociology , Vol. 29, (2003), pp. 209-232 Published by: Annual Reviews Article Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/30036966 Marable, M. (1995). After the march. New Statesman & Society, 8(376), 14. How Black Academics Viewed the Million Man March The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education , No. 10 (Winter, 1995-1996), pp. 59-63 Published by: The JBHE Foundation, Inc Article Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/2962767.

The Dark Side of Application.ProcessMessages

Article submitted by Marcus Junglas When programming an event handler in Delphi (like the OnClick event of a TButton), there comes the time when your application needs to be busy for a while, e.g. the code needs to write a big file or compress some data. If you do that youll notice that your application seems to be locked. Your form cannot be moved anymore and the buttons are showing no sign of life. It seems to be crashed. The reason is that a Delpi application is single threaded. The code you are writing represents just a bunch of procedures which are called by Delphis main thread whenever an event occured. The rest of the time the main thread is handling system messages and other things like form and component handling functions. So, if you dont finish your event handling by doing some lengthy work, you will prevent the application to handle those messages. A common solution for such type of problems is to call Application.ProcessMessages. Application is a global object of the TApplication class. The Application.Processmessages handles all waiting messages like window movements, button clicks and so on. It is commonly used as a simple solution to keep your application working. Unfortunately the mechanism behind ProcessMessages has its own characteristics, which might cause big confusion! What does ProcessMessages? PprocessMessages handles all waiting system messages in the applications message queue. Windows uses messages to talk to all running applications. User interaction is brought to the form via messages and ProcessMessages handles them. If the mouse is going down on a TButton, for example, ProgressMessages does all what should happen on this event like the repaint of the button to a pressed state and, of course, a call to the OnClick() handling procedure if you assigned one. Thats the problem: any call to ProcessMessages might contain a recursive call to any event handler again. Heres an example: Use the following code for a buttons OnClick even handler (work). The for-statement simulates a long processing job with some calls to ProcessMessages every now and then. This is simplified for better readability: {in MyForm:}   Ã‚  WorkLevel : integer; {OnCreate:}   Ã‚  WorkLevel : 0; procedure TForm1.WorkBtnClick(Sender: TObject) ; var   Ã‚  cycle : integer; begin   Ã‚  inc(WorkLevel) ;   Ã‚  for cycle : 1 to 5 do   Ã‚  begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Memo1.Lines.Add(- Work IntToStr(WorkLevel) , Cycle IntToStr(cycle) ;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Application.ProcessMessages;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  sleep(1000) ; // or some other work   Ã‚  end;   Ã‚  Memo1.Lines.Add(Work IntToStr(WorkLevel) ended.) ;   Ã‚  dec(WorkLevel) ; end; WITHOUT ProcessMessages the following lines are written to the memo, if the Button was pressed TWICE in a short time: - Work 1, Cycle 1 - Work 1, Cycle 2 - Work 1, Cycle 3 - Work 1, Cycle 4 - Work 1, Cycle 5 Work 1 ended. - Work 1, Cycle 1 - Work 1, Cycle 2 - Work 1, Cycle 3 - Work 1, Cycle 4 - Work 1, Cycle 5 Work 1 ended. While the procedure is busy, the the form does not show any reaction, but the second click was put into the message queue by Windows. Right after the OnClick has finished it will be called again. INCLUDING ProcessMessages, the output might be very different: - Work 1, Cycle 1 - Work 1, Cycle 2 - Work 1, Cycle 3 - Work 2, Cycle 1 - Work 2, Cycle 2 - Work 2, Cycle 3 - Work 2, Cycle 4 - Work 2, Cycle 5 Work 2 ended. - Work 1, Cycle 4 - Work 1, Cycle 5 Work 1 ended. This time the form seems to be working again and accepts any user interaction. So the button is pressed half way during your first worker function AGAIN, which will be handled instantly. All incoming events are handled like any other function call. In theory, during every call to ProgressMessages ANY amount of clicks and user messages might happen in place. So be careful with your code! Different example (in simple pseudo-code!): procedure OnClickFileWrite() ; var myfile : TFileStream; begin   Ã‚  myfile : TFileStream.create(myOutput.txt) ;   Ã‚  try   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  while BytesReady 0 do   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  myfile.Write(DataBlock) ;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  dec(BytesReady,sizeof(DataBlock)) ;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  DataBlock[2] : #13; {test line 1}   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Application.ProcessMessages;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  DataBlock[2] : #13; {test line 2}   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  end;   Ã‚  finally   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  myfile.free;   Ã‚  end; end; This function writes a large amount of data and tries to unlock the application by using ProcessMessages each time a block of data is written. If the user clicks on the button again, the same code will be executed while the file is still being written to. So the file cannot be opened a 2nd time and the procedure fails. Maybe your application will do some error recovery like freeing the buffers. As a possible result Datablock will be freed and the first code will suddenly raise an Access Violation when it accesses it. In this case: test line 1 will work, test line 2 will crash. The better way: To make it easy you could set the whole Form enabled : false, which blocks all user input, but does NOT show this to the user (all Buttons are not grayed). A better way would be to set all buttons to disabled, but this might be complex if you want to keep one Cancel button for example. Also you need to go through all the components to disable them and when they are enabled again, you need to check if there should be some remaining in the disabled state. You could disable a container child controls when the Enabled property changes. As the class name TNotifyEvent suggests, it should only be used for short term reactions to the event. For time consuming code the best way is IMHO to put all the slow code into an own Thread. Regarding the problems with PrecessMessages and/or the enabling and disabling of components, the usage of a second thread seems to be not too complicated at all. Remember that even simple and fast lines of code might hang for seconds, e.g. opening a file on a disc drive might have to wait until the drive spin up has finished. It doesnt look very good if your application seem to crash because the drive is too slow. Thats it. The next time you add Application.ProcessMessages, think twice ;)